CPS
The Congestion Impacts Reduction via CAV-in-the-loop Lagrangian Energy Smoothing (CIRCLES) project aims to reduce instabilities in traffic flow, called "phantom jams," that cause congestion and wasted energy. If you have ever encountered a temporary traffic jam for no apparent reason, this might have been a phantom jam that occurred naturally because of human driving behavior.
G. Gunter, Gloudemans, D., Stern, R. E., McQuade, S., Bhadani, R., Bunting, M., Monache, M. Laura Dell, Seibold, B., Sprinkle, J., Piccoli, B., and Work, D. B.,
“Are commercially implemented adaptive cruise control systems string stable?”,
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, p. 12 pages, 2020.